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Penal Code of Malaysia, Act 574

This act imposes penalties to whoever, intending to take dishonestly any movable property out of the possession of any person without that person’s consent, moves that property in order to such taking.

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Canadian Criminal Code

Canadian Criminal Code (s139): This provides criminal punishment where one attempts or uses corrupt means to persuade someone from giving evidence or influence a juror in court proceedings.

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Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 (India)

Section 13(1)(e) of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 (India): This states that a crime will be committed where a public servant is or has been in possession of a property or money that he or she cannot satisfactorily account for and that is disproportionate to the income of the public servant.

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Colombian Penal Code (Código Penal Colombiano)

Colombian Penal Code (Código Penal Colombiano) (articles 416 and 417): This states that the crime of abuse of functions will be committed when a public servant or any authority abuses his or her position or law knowledge to obtain a private gain. It also creates a crime of omission, where a public servant has knowledge of an […]

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Criminal Code of Brazil

Criminal Code of Brazil (article 332): This imposes penalties for those who order or obtain an advantage for influencing an act to be carried out by a public servant in the exercise of his or her duties.

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The US Criminal Code

US Code: Embezzlement & Theft (ss641-663): The US Code is a compilation of federal statutes that define different crimes and criminal procedures. In the Code, embezzlement is considered a fraudulent appropriation of property by a person to whom such property has been entrusted.

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The Code of Conduct Bureau and Tribunal Act of Nigeria

Section 10 of the Code of Conduct Bureau and Tribunal Act of Nigeria: This prohibits all kinds of bribery and gratification of public servants or private entities. Section 23 of the Corrupt Practices and other Related Offenses Act also imposes a duty to report bribery and contains sanctions for those who unreasonably fail to report bribery and corruption.

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United Nations Convention Against Corruption

The United Nations Convention against Corruption is the only legally binding universal anti-corruption instrument. The Convention’s far-reaching approach and the mandatory character of many of its provisions make it a unique tool for developing a comprehensive response to a global problem. The Convention covers five main areas: preventive measures, criminalization and law enforcement, international cooperation, […]

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Research Paper on Private Prosecutions as an Anti-Corruption Tool in English Law

Although based on English law, the paper provides a useful introduction into how private prosecutions could be used to combat corruption. You will need to check how different the legal position is in your country.

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Kenya Revenue Authority

The Kenyan Revenue Authority can receive complaints either in person, in writing or by telephone to start investigations into tax fraud in Kenya. The authority also provides a reward scheme for successful complaints, providing people with an incentive to make genuine complaints. Tax fraud is related to corruption because higher tax rates can induce more […]

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